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The Upstreet Project: Elizabeth House & Roberta House, UpstreetResidential care and re-ablement for adults with Wernicke-Korsakoff's Syndrome, acquired brain injury, ARBD (Alcohol-Related Brain Damage) and other related conditions. |
Wikipedia: Korsakov's syndrome Wikipedia: Definition of dementia Mind (National Association for Mental Health) Mind,org: Huntington's Disease Association Alcohol & addiction services in Kent & Medway Please note that these are links to external sites and we have no control over their content. They are offered purely as an information resource to you. If you know of any additional information sources that may be of use, please let us know. Thank you. |
Korsakov's Syndrome The management team and staff at Roberta & Elizabeth House in Upstreet, Kent have both comprehensive training and years of experience of caring for and supporting clients with this particular condition. If you would like a frank and confidential discussion about how we can help you or your relative, please call Rod or Bobbie Tarry on 01227 860516 or email rodtarry@dementia-care.com We look forward to hearing from you. - All
about Wernicke-Korsakov's Syndrome Post-mortem studies suggest that the Wernicke-Korsakov syndrome occurs in about 2% of the general population and 12.5% of dependent drinkers.The vast majority of sufferers develop the syndrome as a result of malnutrition caused by heavy drinking over time, however it is important to note that it is also possible to develop Wernicke-Korsakov syndrome without consuming alcohol, although this is rarer. Workers in alcohol services report that the syndrome affects people in their thirties, forties and fifties as well as those in older age groups. Alcohol and brain damage Heavy drinking over time is associated with a numberof different types of brain damage in addition to Wernicke-Korsakov syndrome; these include:
What causes Wernicke’s encephalopathy? Wernicke’s encephalopathy is caused by a lack of thiamine (vitamin B1). Many heavy drinkers don’t eat properly because alcohol takes the place of food. When they do eat they can have difficulty absorbing nutrients because their stomach or liver may be damaged. This can lead to malnutrition and vitamin deficiencies.The body uses thiamine to form part of the structure of blood vessels, including those in the brain. Without it they begin to leak. The main symptoms of Wernicke’s encephalopathy (confusion, drowsiness etc) occur when blood is leaking out of the capillaries in and around the parts of the brain that form new memories and the parts that control muscle co-ordination. If the leaking continues the patient will probably become unconscious, the leaked blood then clots and as it solidifies damages the brain tissue around it. Alcohol and thiamine deficiency Heavy drinking can cause gastritis which is an inflammation of the stomach. If someone has gastritis they will often vomit up food before it can be digested. If food does not make it to the stomach, it will not be absorbed properly because the stomach is inflamed. Because it affects how much and how well food is absorbed gastritis can lead to malnutrition and therefore contributes to low levels of thiamine (vitamin B1) in problem drinkers. The liver is a complex organ with many vital roles.It can affect the body’s ability to absorb and store nutrients such as thiamine. There are 3 stages of liver damage associated with heavy drinking: § fatty liver § alcoholic hepatitis § alcoholic cirrhosis Treatment of Wernicke’s encephalopathy: Wernicke’s encephalopathy can be treated by high-dose injections of thiamine. The patient who receives thiamine in this way can recover fully and be left with no memory problems, although this is not guaranteed. However, if the patient does not receive large doses of thiamine before becoming unconscious it is more likely that they will have sustained permanent damage and will begin to show signs of Korsakov’s psychosis. Signs of damage to the person’s memory may become obvious in a matter of weeks, or it could take longer for the symptoms to become obvious. Individuals who are malnourished or who have been drinking heavily will not be able to absorb thiamine (vitamin B1) very well through their digestive system. Therefore, it is important that people who have developed Wernicke’s encephalopathy receive high-dose intramuscular or intravenous injections of thiamine rather than orally administered doses. This treatment can also prevent Wernicke’s encephalopathy from developing. Unfortunately, there has been a trend away from prescribing this vital treatment. This is possibly due to a combination of factors including a warning in 1989 from the Committee on Safety of Medicines about possible serious side-effects from the only injectable vitamin B supplement then available. It seems likely that the committee have overemphasised the risks associated with injecting vitamin B and underestimated the risks and prevalence of Wernicke’s encephalopathy.This may be leading to an increase in the number of cases of Wernicke-Korsakov syndrome. It is important to appreciate that people with Wernicke’s encephalopathy may come into contact with doctors and health professionals in a wide variety of situations and for a range of reasons. For example someone who has burnt themselves whilst drunk may be admitted to a burns unit and the symptoms may not be identified as a separate condition. Because high-dose injections of thiamine can both
prevent and successfully treat Wernicke’s encephalopathy, it is
vital that health professionals,and others who work with people who misuse
alcohol, are able to identify the condition and the risk factors associated
with it so that sufferers and people likely to develop it can be appropriately
treated. Half the people who go to hospital with a head injury are heavy
drinkers, assessment of their condition should include consideration of
the need to administer high-dose injections of thiamine. Places like accident
and emergency departments need to develop clear and objective guidance
about how to identifyand deal with people who have Wernicke-Korsakov syndrome
or may be likely to develop it. Injection for prevention and treatment It has been suggested that all patients undergoing hospital-based detoxification and patients with a history of alcohol misuse who experience moderate to severe withdrawal-related neuropsychiatric symptoms should be treated with high-potency B-complex vitamins.The aim of this suggestion is to prevent the significant fatalities and ill effects associated with Wernicke-Korsakov syndrome. Wernicke’s encephalopathy is often not diagnosed (80-95% of cases), so routine injections of high-level B complex vitamins would appear to be a logical way to improve the treatment and prevention of the syndrome. However, the idea of routine high-dose intra-muscular or intra-venous injections of B-complex vitamins for individuals undergoing detoxification becomes complicated as more and more people are detoxed in a home or community setting. The level of medical expertise and supervision required for a regular regime of high-dose B-complex injections is unlikely to be found outside of a hospital or residential setting. Until there is clearer guidance from the Committee on Safety of Medicines the matter will remain a point of debate and a decision for individual alcohol service managers and clinicians. Korsakov’s psychosis: If Wernicke’s encephalopathy is untreated Korsakov’s psychosis can develop, although confusingly it can also develop without an episode of Wernicke’s encephalopathy. The symptoms of Korsakov’s syndrome are:
The symptoms can range from mild to severe. The above symptoms are caused by damage to specific areas deep within the brain. This damage is caused by the effects of lack of thiamine and takes place during an episode of Wernicke’s encephalopathy. Because alcohol is a toxic substance which comes into direct contact with the brain (once absorbed into the blood stream), heavy drinking over time also leads to more general damage to the outer layers of the brain which can also affect memory and behaviour. Korsakov’s psychosis is the term most commonly used to describe patients who have problems with their memory, but whose understanding and other mental processes are mainly unaffected. If the person’s intellect and understanding is more generally affected then the term ‘alcoholic dementia’ may be used. There can be an overlap between these terms. How does Korsakov’s affect the person? The most obvious symptom of Korsakov’s syndrome is memory loss. Often it is recent memories that are affected, although the ability to recall the more distant past can also be affected. Memory loss: Because the part of
the brain responsible for creating new memories has been damaged a person
with Korsakov’s psychosis may appear to forget the incidents of
their daily life as soon as they occur. Korsakov’s patients may
have memories from their earlier life, but know little about their more
recent past. The technical term for this inability to remember new information
for more than a few seconds is anterograde amnesia. If the patient has
experienced an episode of Wernicke’s encephalopathy then the date
of that episode may be the cut-off point after which they are unable to
retain memories for very long. They will however, be able to remember
events from before the episode. This can lead to many practical difficulties:
WKS sufferers may forget people or conversations moments after they have
taken place or they may need weeks of practice to learn simple information.
For example, if they move to new accommodation, they may need extra help
or time to learn the route from their bedroom to the kitchen. Confabulation: Some Korsakov sufferers may fill in these gaps in their memory with made-up memories or fantasies, a process known as confabulation. Our brains often fill in gaps when information is missing or confusing (e.g. when faced with an optical illusion) and confabulation is this normal process, but on a grander scale. The gap in memory may be filed with a set of events constructed around the few fragments of real memory that remain. Patients may transplant events that they can remember from their earlier life and apply them to their current circumstances. Although inaccurate, the events are fully believed by the sufferer. Occasionally patients develop what may appear to be delusions about their past. A sufferer might consistently explain their current situation, for example of being cared for in a home, by stating that they were in the armed forces and are now convalescing following active service. Examples of confabulation to this degree are extremely unusual, but they give a clear illustration of how confabulation is a subconscious attempt by the sufferer to make sense of their situation when recent memories and information are missing. Overall, confabulation is experienced by a small number of Korsakov sufferers and most Korsakov patients respond to questions about their recent past by acknowledging that they cannot remember. Other impairments: Most Korsakov sufferers are aware of their surroundings and will understand, if they are in hospital or living in care, where they are. They will eventually be able to learn their way around their environment, but will remain unable to gauge the passing of time and will be unclear about how long ago things have happened. Although overall intelligence can remain intact there is often a deterioration in the sufferer’s ability to think or understand (cognitive impairment). Korsakov’s sufferers may have impaired attention and difficulty in ‘screening out’ irrelevant information. They are thus likely to be easily distracted or lose concentration. For example, sufferers may have more difficulty completing fragmented picture puzzles or in telling whether two colours, smells or songs are the same or different. A further symptom of Korsakov’s syndrome is a loss of spontaneity and initiative. In conversation sufferers usually respond to questions straightforwardly with little elaboration, their answers can seem brief or superficial and they are generally not bothered about keeping conversations going. If left to themselves, groups of Korsakov patients rapidly sink into silence, with no sign that this causes them any distress.There are exceptions to this, some sufferers are chatty, but they will usually repeat the same stories or concerns over and over again. Most people with amnesia become distressed when presented with evidence of their disability, however people with Korsakov’s tend to lack insight into the significance of their condition or even how they might have developed it. Most patients are unconcerned even when faced with clear evidence of their memory’s failure. This is a characteristic shared with people suffering from dementia such as Alzheimer’s disease. Because there is a specific point at which people’s memory has been damaged, many of the skills learnt before this ‘cut-off point’ will not be affected. This will usually include things like speech, language and gesture and sufferers may have no problems with basic activities of daily living unless they are moved to a new living environment which would require them to memorise or process new information. Two types of confabulation: Recent research suggests that there are two types of confabulation:
Thiamine (vitamin B1): Thiamine can be found in beans, green vegetables, sweet corn, egg yolk, liver, cornmeal and brown rice. Thiamine is added to staples such as flour in the UK. As well as Wernicke-Korsakov syndrome lack of thiamine can also cause beriberi. The main symptoms of this are fluid retention, heart disease and inflammation of the nerves. Heavy drinking is the commonest cause of thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency in Western countries. General effects of alcohol-induced brain damage. Heavy drinking over time can have serious repercussions for the functioning of the entire nervous system, but particularly the brain. These effects include:
The condition of generalised alcohol-related brain damage which affects behaviour is given the name of ‘alcoholic dementia’. Even if general intelligence appears intact, brain scans show loss of brain tissue and brain weight is significantly reduced in heavy drinkers at death. Abstinence can lead to improvements, possibly more so in women and younger people. Wernicke-Korsakov’s syndrome, dementia and other brain disorders: where to draw the line? The symptoms and development of Wernicke-Korsakov’s syndrome can vary from patient to patient. Some people may be more severely affected than others. The evolution of problems with memory, understanding and behaviour varies among sufferers and may depend on how severely or frequently the person has experienced thiamine deficiency.Because people who develop the syndrome are likely to have been drinking at high levels, they may have sustained other alcohol-related brain damage. Research is not yet able to show what amount of alcohol intake leads to what type of physical damage within the brain. The most popular view is that the specifically located brain damage that causes Wernicke-Korsakov’s syndrome occurs in addition to the more widely-distributed brain damage caused by dependent drinking. Thus sufferers may experience a steady decline in their abilities (due to widely-distributed brain damage) which may change to the more dramatic amnesia of Korsakov’s syndrome after an episode of Wernicke ‘s encephalopathy. The more generalised brain damage will also be present. The line between what is Wernicke-Korsakov’s syndrome, or alcoholic dementia or milder brain damage is thus quite a hazy one. Diagnosis and the decision about what name a sufferer’s condition is given depends on the sufferer’s behaviour and how much can be found out about the physical damage. It is hard to work out which bit of the brain is damaged and if it is, exactly how it effects their behaviour. Technical developments such as brain scans are improving our ability to relate physical damage to particular kinds of behaviour. People who could be diagnosed as having Wernicke-Korsakov syndrome will have a range of symptoms which will vary in their severity and probably be complicated by a variety of medical, social and mental health problems as well as vastly differing histories of alcohol use. Are the effects of Wernicke-Korsakov syndrome permanent? There has not been very much research carried out about the rehabilitation of patients with alcoholic dementia or Korsakov’s syndrome. However there is research that shows that problems with memory, awareness and understanding can improve, to various degrees, in many sufferers with time. The physical or chemical processes that lead to this improvement are not understood, but studies of Korsakov’s sufferers and an animal model of Wernicke-Korsakov syndrome suggest that undamaged parts of the brain that deal with memory, awareness and understanding can compensate for the damaged areas and lost abilities. This compensatory ability of the brain is huge at birth but declines with age. Drinking alcohol, smoking, head injury and severe infections may further reduce the brain’s reserve.While the amnesia itself may not respond to treatment, stopping drinking and an intensive programme of vitamin therapy followed by tailored therapeutic rehabilitation can lead to significant improvements. Some sufferers may be able to live independently, however others will need long-term residential care or structured support in the community. -------------------------------------- ‘What is this?’ I asked showing him
a photo in the magazine I was holding. ‘It’s the moon’
he replied. ‘No it’s not’ I answered. ‘It’sa
picture of the earth taken from the moon’ ‘Doc, you’re
kidding! Someone would’ve had to get a camera up there!’ ‘Naturally’
‘Hell! You’re joking – how the hell would you do that?’
Unless they were a consummate actor, a fraud simulating astonishment he
did not feel, this was an utterly convincing demonstration that he wasstill
in the past. His words,his feelings, his innocent wonder, his struggle
to make sense of what he saw were precisely those of an intelligent young
man in the forties… Oliver Sachs in ‘The man who mistook his wife for a hat’ London: Picador (1985) -------------------------------------- Treatment for people with Korsakov’s psychosis: It is important to note that Korsakov’s psychosis is not inherently progressive in the same way that an ‘organic’ cause of dementia such as Alzheimer’s disease is. Overall, Wernicke-Korsakov syndrome should be viewed as a treatable condition. The question of how successful treatment of someone with Korsakov’s psychosis will be depends on the degree of damage done to the brain. People who have developed Wernicke-Korsakov syndrome are likely to have been drinking at high levels for a number of years. This will probably have affected their relationships with family and friends and they are unlikely to have good relations or close contact with many people. It also means that they may be affected by other disorders related to alcohol misuse e.g. cirrhosis, pancreatitis etc. Their treatment needs are therefore likely to be complex and long-term. Assessment of the individual should focus on identifying the degree of damage sustained. How intact the person is in terms of their social functioning and understanding can then be translated into an assessment of what skills they are missing. Treatment should then either focus on changing the patient’s limitations (practical, social and memory skills) or by changing the environment in which they live. If it is suspected that someone has Wernicke-Korsakov syndrome and they are still drinking, they will need emergency in-patient care so that the necessary detoxification and initial vitamin treatment can take place. Further assessments can be made after the sufferer has stopped drinking and successfully withdrawn from being dependent on alcohol (detoxification). In addition to general observation and routine mental
state examination, a full assessment of the sufferer’s condition
will involve skilled psychological testing and brain imaging. These two
assessment approaches are complementary: testing and scans can confirm
the presence of significant impairment and damage; repeated assessment
will indicate what level of recovery (if any) is likely. It is important
to note that testing carried out immediately after detoxification can
give misleadingly pessimistic results. Many of the problems that individuals
may have with their behaviour and ability to understand can improve after
detoxification, others seem to require practice for improvements to be
made. Studies show that older and more severely impaired sufferers do
not recover as well as others once they stop drinking. It will be possible
to start on therapeutic work to improve the sufferer’s practical
and social skills once the person with Korsakov’s psychosis is orientated
and settled in their surroundings. Although sufferers may not be upset
by their loss of ability to remember, moving into a new environment or
not being familiar with rules or routine because they are unable to remember
may cause them stress and anxiety. The first goal of treatment or care
should be to establish physical and mental stability and to reduce any
excessive stresses felt by the individual. Once the sufferer feels secure
that their basic needs such as food, warmth and clothing will be met it
will be possible to start to address their lost social and practical skills.
Therapeutic work with people who have memory disorders tends to focus
on the effect of their lack of memory on their behaviour. The aim is to
work out practical solutions when their lack of memory skills will affect
their everyday lives, for example learning to write down the names of
friends. Memory rehabilitation: There are a number of therapeutic techniques that can help people who have memory problems. They can include things like learning by rote or responding to visual imagery or using word association. The aim of memory rehabilitation will fall into one of the following categories:
Treatment for people with Korsakov’s psychosis Along with therapeutic work that focuses on the sufferer’s memory and behaviour it may also be necessary to address their alcohol problem, although for some people this ceases to be an issue as they effectively forget their need to drink and just need reminding not to drink. For other sufferers who may be experiencing difficulty with their awareness and understanding, but still want to drink, a traditional, demanding, therapeutic alcohol treatment regime will be inappropriate. Rather than expecting the Korsakov’s sufferer to join in with an established alcohol counselling programme, it will be necessary to design a programme around their needs. Elizabeth House care provision The management team and staff at Roberta House and Elizabeth House in Upstreet, Kent have both comprehensive training and years of experience of caring for and supporting clients with this particular condition. If you would like a frank and confidential discussion about how we can help you or your relative, please call Rod or Bobbie Tarry on 01227 860516. We look forward to hearing from you. |